The Available Bit Rate (ABR) service type is used primarily for traffic that is not time sensitive and don't need service level guarantees.

An access point is a device or interface that connects users to other users within the network. It can also serve as the point of interconnection between the WLAN and a fixed wire network.

The number of required access points depends on the number of network users and the area the network covers.

An Access Control List (ACL) is an table containing permissions for a particular service or device, defining access to objects and allowed operations.

An Auto Configuration Servers (ACS) is a server used for automatic device and user provisioning and configuration through TR069.

Adaptive Differential Pulse-Code Modulation (ADPCM) is a differential pulse-code modulation variant where the size of quantization ranges is modified with a scaling factor before encoding. This means that the bandwidth requirements are reduced.

Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a DSL technology providing network traffic over copper wires.

ADSL is slower than VDSL, with up to 24 Mbit/s downstream and 3.3 Mbit/s upstream speeds.

Assured Forwarding (AF) is a mechanism for assurance of delivery, given a defined rate.

In case of congestion, traffic that exceeds the rate have a higher probability of being dropped.

The four AF classes have the same priority. For each class, packets are given a drop probability.

Drop probability	Class 1	Class 2	Class 3	Class 4
Low	AF11	AF21	AF31	AF41
Medium	AF12	AF22	AF32	AF42
High	AF13	AF23	AF33	AF43

An Address Family Transition Router (AFTR) is a server implementing the Dual-Stack Lite to provide IPv4 to IPv4 communication over IPv6.

An Access Point Name (APN) is the name of a gateway between a mobile network providing access to Internet.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP address) to a physical machine address that is recognized in the local network.

Asterisk is a software PBX that handles calls betwen telephones and connections to PSTN and VoIP services.

ATM - Asyncronous Data Transfer Mode is a protocol for high-throughput data traffic and streaming.

Auto-negotiation is a method in Ethernet where two devices agree on the best performance transmission mode they both support.

Back-Off is a method for decreasing the frequency of retransmissions of request in order to avoid congestion and collision.

The bandwith is is a measure of network capacity. It indicates the bit rate capacity.

Beamforming is technique used for radio signals to improve quality and performance. It is done by creating multiple signals and finding the best paths, thereby “shaping” the antenna output to provide minimum interference.

The Bit Error Rate (BER) is the percentage of transmitted bits which contain errors.

The bit rate is a measure of traffic speed in a network. It indicates the number of bits per second transmitted.

Bitswap is a methoid for adjusting the number of bits allocated to channels. Congested channels are assigned fewer bits, and available channels are allocated more bits.

The basic service set (BSS) is the basic building block in a wireless LAN. It is a set of all stations that can communicate with each other. Every BSS has an identification (ID) called the BSSID, which is the MAC address of the access point servicing the BSS.

A Certificate Authority (CA) is an entity that issues digital certificates which guarantee that a public key is owned by the certificate subject, verifying their identity.

Certificates typically include the owner's public key, the expiration date of the certificate, the owner's name and other information about the public key owner.

The Constant Bit Rate (CBR) service type is used for applications that transport traffic at a constant bit rate, where time synchronisation between source and destination is important, providing predictable response times and a static amount of bandwidth.

CCMP – CTR mode with CBC-MAC Protocol is based on the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher along with strong message authenticity and integrity checking.

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a radio communication standard, where several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single channel.

DSL cells are ATM data encoded into small, fixed-sized packets (frames).

Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) is a method used to authenticate PPP sessions.

CHAP uses a randomly generated string as a unique challege phrase for each authentication. This is combined with device host names and hash functions so that no static secret information is sent.

A WiFi security cipher is the method through which a connection is secured against intrusion.

For information about cipher strings, see https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/apps/ciphers.html.

Cell Loss Ratio (CLR) is the percentage of network cells that do not arrive at their destination.

A coder-decoder (codec) is a method for encoding or decoding digital data streams or signals. It uses various algorithms to encode data for transmission or storage, or decodes encoded data for use.

Com2Sec is a security protocol and access method for SNMP management.

A compressing-expanding (companding) is a method for managing dynamic range in channels with limited dynamic range. It compresses the dynamic range of a signal transmission and expands it at the receiving end, according to the defined.

Connection Bytes is a filtering property that matches packets only after the specified number of bytes has been transfered through the connection.

The term Customer-Premises Equipment (CPE) is used in TR069 and refers to devices in a network that is located in the premises of a subscriber.

The CPU value indicates how much of CPU processing power is being used.

The CPU percentage for a process indicates how much of CPU processing power is being used.

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is a method for discovering errors in data transmission by verifying the received data against an attached check value.

The Class Selector (CS) is used by Differentiated Services as a precedence code point value that maps to a Differentiated Services Code Point. It is backwards compatible with IP precedence values.

A data package is a portion of data that transmitted between a source and destination in a network, normally of larger size.

Dynamic DNS (DDNS) is a method for automatically providing DNS servers with up to date information about configured hostnames and addresses.

DECT - Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications is a European standard for cordless telephone systems over radio.

In the United States a slightly different radio frequency range is used, and it is called DECT 6.0.

Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) means that the wireless radio automatically selects the least congested wifi channel to use.

A DHCP Lease is a DHCP reservation of a particular IP address provided to a client by a DHCP server. It is called lease because it expires after a certain amoutn of time (usually 24 hours).

Before the lease expires, the DHCP server should renew the lease or provide a new lease.

When sending DHCP requests, additional options can be requested by providing a space separated list of codes.

Code	Description
0	Pad.
1	Subnet Mask.
2	Time Offset(deprecated).
3	Router.
4	Time Server.
5	Name Server.
6	Domain Name Server.
7	Log Server.
8	Quote Server.
9	LPR Server.
10	Impress Server.
11	Resource Location Server.
12	Host Name.
13	Boot File Size.
14	Merit Dump File.
15	Domain Name.
16	Swap Server.
17	Root Path.
18	Extensions Path.
19	IP Forwarding enable/disable.
20	Non-local Source Routing enable/disable.
21	Policy Filter.
22	Maximum Datagram Reassembly Size.
23	Default IP Time-to-live.
24	Path MTU Aging Timeout.
25	Path MTU Plateau Table.
26	Interface MTU.
27	All Subnets are Local.
28	Broadcast Address.
29	Perform Mask Discovery.
30	Mask supplier.
31	Perform router discovery.
32	Router solicitation address.
33	Static routing table.
34	Trailer encapsulation.
35	ARP cache timeout.
36	Ethernet encapsulation.
37	Default TCP TTL.
38	TCP keepalive interval.
39	TCP keepalive garbage.
40	Network Information Service Domain.
41	Network Information Servers.
42	NTP servers.
43	Vendor specific information.
44	NetBIOS over TCP/IP name server.
45	NetBIOS over TCP/IP Datagram Distribution Server.
46	NetBIOS over TCP/IP Node Type.
47	NetBIOS over TCP/IP Scope.
48	X Window System Font Server.
49	X Window System Display Manager.
50	Requested IP Address.
51	IP address lease time.
52	Option overload.
53	DHCP message type.
54	Server identifier.
55	Parameter request list.
56	Message.
57	Maximum DHCP message size.
58	Renew time value.
59	Rebinding time value.
60	Class-identifier.
61	Client-identifier.
62	NetWare/IP Domain Name.
63	NetWare/IP information.
64	Network Information Service+ Domain.
65	Network Information Service+ Servers.
66	TFTP server name.
67	Bootfile name.
68	Mobile IP Home Agent.
69	Simple Mail Transport Protocol Server.
70	Post Office Protocol Server.
71	Network News Transport Protocol Server.
72	Default World Wide Web Server.
73	Default Finger Server.
74	Default Internet Relay Chat Server.
75	StreetTalk Server.
76	StreetTalk Directory Assistance Server.
77	User Class Information.
78	SLP Directory Agent.
79	SLP Service Scope.
80	Rapid Commit.
81	FQDN, Fully Qualified Domain Name.
82	Relay Agent Information.
83	Internet Storage Name Service.
84	N/A
85	NDS servers.
86	NDS tree name.
87	NDS context.
88	BCMCS Controller Domain Name list.
89	BCMCS Controller IPv4 address list.
90	Authentication.
91	Client-last-transaction-time.
92	Associated-ip.
93	Client System Architecture Type.
94	Client Network Interface Identifier.
95	LDAP, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol.
96	N/A
97	Client Machine Identifier.
98	Open Group's User Authentication.
99	`GEOCONF_CIVIC`.
100	IEEE 1003.1 TZ String.
101	Reference to the TZ Database.
102-111	N/A
112	NetInfo Parent Server Address.
113	NetInfo Parent Server Tag.
114	URL.
115	N/A
116	Auto-Configure
117	Name Service Search.
118	Subnet Selection.
119	DNS domain search list.
120	SIP Servers DHCP Option.
121	Classless Static Route Option.
122	CCC, CableLabs Client Configuration.
123	GeoConf.
124	Vendor-Identifying Vendor Class.
125	Vendor-Identifying Vendor-Specific.
126 - 127	N/A
128	TFPT Server IP address.
129	Call Server IP address.
130	Discrimination string.
131	Remote statistics server IP address.
132	802.1P VLAN ID.
133	802.1Q L2 Priority.
134	Diffserv Code Point.
135	HTTP Proxy for phone-specific applications.
136	PANAAuthentication Agent.
137	LoSTServer.
138	CAPWAP Access Controller addresses.
139	`OPTION-IPv4_Address-MoS`.
140	`OPTION-IPv4_FQDN-MoS`.
141	SIP UA Configuration Service Domains.
142	`OPTION-IPv4_Address-ANDSF`.
143	`OPTION-IPv6_Address-ANDSF`.
144 - 149	N/A
150	TFTP server address.
150	Ether boot. GRUB configuration path name.
151-174	N/A
175	Ether boot.
176	IP Telephone.
177	Ether boot. Packet Cable and Cable Home.
178- 207	N/A
208	pxelinux.magic (string) = F1:00:74:7E (241.0.116.126).
209	pxelinux.configfile (text).
210	pxelinux.pathprefix (text).
211	pxelinux.reboottime (unsigned integer 32 bits).
212	`OPTION_6RD`.
213	`OPTION_V4_ACCESS_DOMAIN`.
214-219	N/A
220	Subnet Allocation.
221	Virtual Subnet Selection.
222-223	N/A
224-254	Private use.
255	End.

A DHCP pool is a collection of IP addresses available for DHCP allocation.

The Pool Start number is the first available number in the pool.

The Pool Size is the count of available numbers, counting from the pool start.

Example: with Pool Start of 50 and a Pool Size of 100, the available pool addresses are 50 to 150.

A DHCP server is a server that provides IP addresses to clients on the a network.

Domain Name

A domain name is typically a name that identifies a resource on the internet with an IP address, according to the Domain Name System.

A Downlink interface is an interface to subscribers/clients.

Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite) is a method for sharing of IPv4 addresses by combining IPv4-in-IPv6 and NAT.

A Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) is a 6-bit code point in the differentiated services field (DS field) inside the packet IP header.

It is used by Differentiated Services for classification purposes to provide quality of service functionality.

The DSL mode indicates the operation of a DSL line.

DSL – Digital Subscriber Line is a way of providing high bandwidth data communication through regular copper telephone lines.

The DTMF mode is a setting that governs how Dual Tone Multi Frequency signalling is to be performed.

Mode	Description
Compatibility	Use RFC2833 by default but switch to inband when reciever does not support RFC2833.
RFC2833	Send DTMF information as RTP messages.
SIP INFO	Send DTMF information as SIP messages.
Inband	DTMF tones are generated by the calling device.

Dual Tone - Multi Frequency (DTMF) is a signalling method for telephone systems, which uses a set of eight audio frequencies transmitted in pairs to represent 16 signals, represented by the ten digits, the letters A to D, and the symbols # and *.

The DHCP Unique IDentifier – DUID – is a unique identifier associated with each client and server in a DHCP environment. The DUID should be permanently stored and not changed.

The term duplex indicates how traffic is performed. It can be either:

Half - only one side can communicate at a time.
Full - both sides can communicate with each other simultaneously.

The dwell time is the amount of time spent on each channel in the hopping sequence when hopping from channel to channel.

Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE) is a technology for allowing for less power consumption during periods of low data activity.

Ethernet over ATM (EoA) is a protocol using PPP to provide an DSL Internet connection over ATM.

Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) is a security protocol for network data in IPv4 and IPv6 networks.

Ethernet a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in LANs.

Communication over ethernet consists of data frames. Each frame contains source and destination addresses, and error-checking data.

Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO) is a standard for broadband Internet through wireless data transmission.

Failover means switching over to a different network when the selected network cannot be accessed.

Forward error correction entails encoding the signal with redundant information that can be matched to discover errors in the transmission.

The firewall action defines how traffic is handled by the firewall.

Item	Description
ACCEPT	Allow the traffic.
REJECT	Refuse the traffic.
DROP	Ignore the traffic.
FORWARD	Pass the traffic along.

A firewall group is a collection of IP addresses that have the same firewall rules.

A firewall zone is a grouping of WiFi or network interfaces, with a common set of firewall rules.

In networking, a frame is a unit of data, consisting of addressing and synchronization information around a payload with data to be transmitted.

Frames of smaller size are often encapsulated in larger frames.

The gateway metric is used for routing decisions, and is added to routing tables to enable routing decisions.

A gateway is a node in a network that provides interconnectivity between networks of different types.

For a basic Internet connection, the gateway provides Internet access to the local network.

A genmask is the netmask for the destination net. For example 255.255.255.255 for a host destination and 0.0.0.0 for the default route.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a mobile data service for mobile communication over 2G and 3G.

Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) is a multipurpose tunneling protocol using IP networks to encapsulate a number of different network layer protocols.

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a standard for protocols for digital cellular networks used by mobile phones.

A host ID is an IPv6 label assigned to a network device used to identify the device in the network for addressing purposes.

A hostname is an IPv4 label assigned to a network device used to identify the device in the network for addressing purposes.

High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an extension of 3G mobile networks utilizing WCDMA.

Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+) is a furhter improvement on HSPA allowing for higher speeds.

The Interface Association Identifier – IAID – that is a binding between the interface and one or several IPv6 addresses. It is used in DHCPv6 servers togehter with with a DUID to identify IP allocations.

The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used to send error messages about services or device status.

An Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) Proxy is a setting to enable the device to handle IGMP host tasks such as sending membership and leave group membership reports to groups.

IGMP snooping is the process of listening to IGMP network traffic to determine which paths are associatied with which IP multicast streams, and allow management of the multicast traffic.

IGMP – Internet Group Management Protocol is a communications protocol used on IPv4 networks to establish multicast group memberships.

Inotify (inode notify) is a subsystem to detect changes to the filesystem, and report those changes to applications.

The Interface Protocol setting defines the protocol/behavior for an interface.

Protocol	Description
Unmanaged	No defined protocol.
Static Address	Static IP address.
DHCP v4	Retrieve IPv4 address through DHCP
DHCP v6	Retrieve IPv6 address through DHCP
PPP	PPP interface.
PPP over Ethernet	PPPoE interface.
PPP over ATM	PPPOA interface.
3G	PPP over GPRS/EVDO/CDMA/UMTS
4G	4G interface over LTE / HSPA+.
Point-to-Point Tunnel	PTPT interface.
IPv6 Tunnel in IPv4	6in4 interface.
IPv6 Tunnel in IPv6	6to4 interface.
IPv6 rapid deployment	6rd interface.
Dual Stack Lite	DS-lite interface.
PPP over L2TP	PPP over L2TP.

The Interface Type defines the base settings for the interface.

Type	Description
Standalone	Not requiring hardware.
Any WAN	Any WAN interface.
Bridge	Network bridge.

Iopsys stands for Inteno Open Platform System. It combines the efficiency and power of the SOC (System on Chip) with the OpenWrt open source distribution. It further enables the operator to leverage on the modularity of OpenWrt to integrate new applications to the CPE.

IP in IP is an method to provide data tunneling by encapsulating one IP packet in another IP packet, using header information.

The IP Quality of Service Algorithm determines which type of QoS to provide.

Strict Priority Precedence means that where the the packets with the highest priority always are sent first.

Weighted Fair Queuing means that bandwidth is adjusted automatically according to traffic priority and weight value.

The Internet Protocol - IP - is the primary communication protocol used on the Internet, typically used together with TCP.

Internet Protocol Version 4 - IPv4 - is the first major version of the Internet Protocol.

Internet Protocol Version 6 - IPv6 - is the the successor to IPv4.

Internet Protocol over Ethernet (IPoE) is a protocol to provide an DSL Internet connection over Ethernet, by directly encapsulating the data in Ethernet frames.

Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) delivers television services over IP networks as a streaming service.

International Portable User Identity (IPUI), is a unique identifier for each DECT Handset, allowing it to be assigned a SIP identity. The identifier is a 10-digit (40-bit) hexadecimal code

A Broadcast Address is an special values in the host-identification part of an IP address.

It is used to sending data multiple recipients at the same time, for example to allow one device to comunicate with all other devices on the network at once.

The device sends its messages to the broadcast address, and the network hardware propagates it to every other device in the group (the broadcast domain).

Calculation

The broadcast address for an IPv4 host is calculated through bitwise OR using the subnet mask and the host IP address.

Example: For broadcasting a packet to an entire IPv4 subnet using the private IP address space 172.16.0.0/12, which has the subnet mask 255.240.0.0, the broadcast address is 172.16.0.0 | 0.15.255.255 = 172.31.255.255.

The IP broadcast address 255.255.255.255 is limited to use for the local (zero / 0.0.0.0) network. Traffic to this address is not forwarded to other networks.

An IPv4 address is an IP address represented as four groups separated by a period. Each group consists of decimal numbers between 0 and 255.

An example of an IPv4 address is 192.168.22.12.

An IPv6 address is an IP address address represented as eight groups separated by colons (:). Each group contains four hexadecimal digits.

An example of an IPv6 address is 2011:09bd:583a:0000:8a2e:0000:0370:7334.

Inteno Universal Provisioning (IUP) is a technology for automatic delivery of service configuration and device settings.

Jitter is variations in packet arrival time, which may be caused by network congestion, timing delays, or changed routes.

JUCI (Java User Control Interface) provides a command line and graphical user interface for administration of devices.

Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is a protocol used to support VPNs, where security is provided in the transmitted packages rather than in the tunneling.

LAN – Local Area Network is a number of connected units within a limited area, typically a building.

The DSL Latency Path comes in three modes: Path 1 (Fast), Path 2 (Interleaved) and Both 1 & 2. Fast is used for applications sensitive to delay. Interleaved suits applications sensitive to errors.

Latency is the time it takes for a packet of data to get from source to destination, normally measured by performing a round-trip test: sending a packet that is returned to the sender.

The Link Control Protocol (LCP) is part of the Point-to-Point Protocol and is used to set up the PPP connection.

Client lease time or lease time is the length of time a local device retains an IP address.

The link speed for a connection is the maximum transmission rate the device can provide. The actual speed may be lower.

The logical link control (LLC) layer provides multiplexing to enable different network protocols to coexist and be transported over the same network medium.

Load balancing distributes traffic over multiple networks to provide an even load on each WAN interface.

The Logging level determines how much information to display or write to file when creating system logs.

Error messages come with a identifying level tag which makes it possible to filter out messages according to severity.

Level
Emergency
Alert
Critical
Error
Warning
Notice
Info
Debug

Loop Attenuation is a measure of the quality of the line - how much the signal weakens over the loop.

Attenuation is measured in Decibel (dB). A value betwen 20dB-45dB can be considered normal.

Link Service Access Point (LSAP) fields are used to identify which protocol handler should process an incoming frame.

LSAP fields allow the receiving node to pass each received frame to an appropriate device driver which understands given protocol.

Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for high-speed wireless communication for mobile phones and data terminals, based on GSM and UMTS.

A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a unique identifier for physical network interfaces.

Firewall masquerading entails modifying addressing to allow devices to communicate with the WAN without being visible externally. To the external network, all traffic will look as originating from the gateway.

Maximum Burst Size (MBS) is the maximum size of cells that can be transmitted in direct sequence on a particular connection.

The Minimum Cell Rate (MCR) defines the lowest rate at which cells can be transported in an ATM connection.

A management information base (MIB) is used in SNMP to describe the management data structure, in the form of a hierarchical namespace containing object identifiers (OID). Each OID identifies a variable that can be read or set via SNMP.

MiniDLNA is media server for DLNA / UPnP clients.

Maximum Segment Size Clamping entails changing the maximum segment size of all TCP connections with a MTU lower than 1500.

Maximum Segment Size (MSS) is a TCP parameter specifying the largest byte size a a single TCP segment can contain for a device.

Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) is the largest physical packet size that a network can transmit. Any packets larger than the MTU are divided into smaller packets before being sent. MTU is measured in bytes.

Multicast is group communication where information is addressed to a group of destination computers simultaneously.

IP multicast is a method of sending Internet Protocol data messages to a group of interested receivers in a single transmission. It is often employed for streaming media applications on the Internet and private networks. The method is the IP-specific version of the general concept of multicast networking.

It uses specially reserved multicast address blocks in IPv4 and IPv6.

In IPv6, IP multicast addressing replaces broadcast addressing as implemented in IPv4.

NAT loopback is a method using NAT to provide access to services via the public IP address from inside the local network.

The NAT Port Mapping Protocol (NAT-PMP) is a network protocol to automatically detect and determine the NAT gateways to configure NAT settings and port forwarding.

Network Address Translation (NAT) is a method to to device translate local network addresses into external addresses for the Internet.

A netmask is a mask used to divide an IP address into subnets and specify the number of available host addresses in the subnet.

The netmask consists of a 32-bit sequence on the format 255.255.225.255.

There are three commonly used network classes:

Class	Netmask length	# of networks	Number of hosts	Netmask
Class A	8	126	16777214	255.0.0.0
Class B	16	16382	65534	255.255.0.0
Class C	24	2097150	254	255.255.255.0

The last 0 and 255 in a sequence are always assigned and cannot be used as host addresses.

For example, in 255.255.225.0, 0 is the assigned network address.

In 255.255.255.255, 255 is the assigned IPv4 broadcast address.

A network bridge combines two network segments into an aggregated network, making them behave as if they are one continuos segment.

A network interface is the access point between a device and a computer network. A network interface can be either a physical connection or a software access address.

A network profile is a global setting for your device that defines how it will work in the network.

For example, selecting a particular profile may configure your device as a wireless repeater or as a fully routed NAT gateway.

Depending on the selected profile, available features and settings will be different.

Some sample profiles:

Profile	Description
Bridged IPTV	IPTV service in a bridged network.
VoIP + Bridged IPTV	Both VOIP and IPTV service in a bridged network.
Wireless Repeater	Wireless bridge.
Fully Routed (NAT)	All features with NAT capability.

Next hop refers to the next closest device a packet can go through, according to the routing table.

A Network Interface Controller – NIC, is an hardware component that connects a device to a network.

The WiFi Noise level is the amount of interference in your wireless signal, such as crosstalk, radio frequency interference, distortion, and so on.

It is measured in decibels from zero to -120, where a lower value is better.

Typical environments range between -100db and -80db.

NTP is a networking protocol for clock synchronization between devices in networks.

Overlapping basic service sets (OBSS) is a setting that configures the BSS to allow coexistence between 20 MHZ and 40 MHZ overlapping basic service sets (OBSS).

OpenWrt is an open source distribution with an excellent overall user space environment, modular and flexible system design. It has a large and active development community.

More information:

More information and documentation is available at http://wiki.openwrt.org/.

Overhead is extra data or processing needed to manage delivery of a network data.

A packet is a portion of data that transmitted between a source and destination in a network. It normally a smaller part of some larger unit of data, which is tagged with an identification number and an address. When all packets for a specific data unit arrives at their destination, they are reassembled to form the original data.

Division into packets, transmission and reassembly is governed by a transmission protocol.

When packets are transmitted in a network they may travel different routes from source to destination. This means there is no guarantee that packets will arrive in time or arrive at all. They may also be denied at the receiver due to a full buffer or other issues. A collective term this is packet loss.

Packetization is the process dividing data into packets for transmission according to a defined protocol.

Pairing is the process of making two compatible wireless devices able to communicate with each other. This is normally done by making them visible to each other, and providing a PIN code for identification.

Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) is a method used to authenticate PPP sessions.

PAP works like a standard login procedure; using a static user name and password combination.

A Private Branch Exchange (PBX) is a switch used for connecting telephone devices or virtual applications in an organization. It manages internal communication in the network and provides access to the external public switched telephone network, and allows for sharing of lines and direct communication between internal devices.

Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is the standard method for digital audio. PCM entails converting analog signals to digital values by sampling the amplitude of the analog signal at set time intervals. Each sample is quantized to the nearest value within a range of digital steps. With PCM, the ranges vary with the source amplitude, so that the steps are larger at higher amplitudes.

PCM is defined by sampling rate (number of times per second that samples are taken) and bit depth (number of different digital values).

Peak Cell Rate (PCR) defines the highest rate at which cells can be transported in an ATM connection.

The Periodic Inform setting determines whether CPEs must periodically send information to the ACS.

The PID – Process ID – is an unique idenitifer for a process, assigned to it when it is loaded into memory.

Ping is a network tool which tests accessibility of hosts on an Internet Protocol network. It measures how long a it takes for a message to travel from the measuring host to the destination and back.

Packet loss concealment (PLC) is a technique to mask the effects of packet loss in VoIP communications.

A Point of Presence (PoP) is an access point to the Internet.

Port forwarding is a feature that forwards inbound traffic from the internet on a specific port (or ports) to a specific device (or port) on your local network (LAN).

Port speed settings affect how a LAN or WAN port negotiates the speed setting.

Negotiation can be turned off (speed setting: only) or use Autonegotiation (speed setting max) to determine actual speed.

Communication on a port can be either half or full duplex.

A port that is set to disabled does not handle any traffic.

A port is a communication endpoint, identified by a number, which combined with an IP address provides the necessary addressing for a service on the network.

The PPID – Parent Process ID – is the PID of the process that started a particular process.

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a protocol for providing a direct data link connection with authentication, encryption and compression.

PPP over ATM (PPPoA) is a protocol using PPP to provide an DSL Internet connection over ATM.

PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) is a protocol using PPP to provide an DSL Internet connection over Ethernet, by putting PPP frames inside Ethernet frames.

The Precedence setting defines quality of service parameters relating to Class Selector and Assured Forwarding priority.

ID	Setting
All	Default
0	CS1, AF11, AF12
1	CS2, AF21, AF22
2	CS3, AF31, AF32
3	CS4, AF41, AF42
4	CS5, Voice-admit, EF
5	CS5
6	CS6
7	CS7

Prefix delegation is used in DHCPv6 to assign a network address prefix and automate configuration and provisioning of the public addresses for the network.

A protocol is a set of rules for how to handle data, specifically for transmission and management. The sender and reciever noth use the same protocol to structure, send and receive it, ensuring that the data remains intact, readable and usable.

A proxy server works as an intermediary between the client and other servers, forwarding traffic to and from the servers and client. I adds functionality for improving aspects of the connection, such as security, reliability or simplicity.

A Pre-Shared Key (PSK) is a shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some secure channel before it is used.

The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) is the publicly available network of telecommunication systems and services provided by telephone operators.

The PTM Proprity defines how PTM traffic packets should be handled.

Priority	Description
Normal Priority	Send packets according to their priority.
High Priority	Use preemption; lower-priority packets are paused when higher-priority packets are sent.

Pulse-Time Modulation means encoding traffic into a pulsing signal signal for transfer.

Second-generation wireless telephone technology (2G), is a cellular network for digital mobile data communication.

Third-generation wireless telephone technology (3G), is a cellular network for digital mobile data communication for broadband traffic.

Fourth-generation wireless telephone technology (4G), is a cellular network for digital mobile data communication for high-speed broadband.

6in4 is a method to transmit IPv6 traffic over explicit IPv4 connections.

The traffic is sent over the IPv4 Internet inside IPv4 packets whose IP headers have the IP protocol number set to 41.

6rd is a method for IPv6 rapid deployment on Internet Service Provider IPv4 infrastructures, operating within the ISP's network.

6to4 is a method to transmit IPv6 traffic over IPv4 networks without having to configure explicit tunnels.

802.11a is a wireless radio specification for the 5 GHz band with a maximum data rate of 54 Mbit/s.

802.11ac is a wireless radio specification for both the 2.4 GHz and the 5 GHz bands with support for multiple-input multiple-output antennas, providing a maximum data rate from 433 Mbit/s to 1300 Mbit/s.

802.11b is a wireless radio specification for the 2.4GHz band with a maximum data rate of 11 Mbit/s .

802.11b/g is a wireless radio specification combining 802.11b and 802.11g standards in dual band mode.

802.11g is a wireless radio specification for the 2.4 GHz band with a maximum data rate of 54 Mbit/s.

802.11n is a wireless radio specification for both the 2.4 GHz and the 5 GHz bands with support for multiple-input multiple-output antennas, providing a maximum data rate from 54 Mbit/s to 600 Mbit/s.

802.1p is a standard for priority levels, identifying the class of service a VLAN is to be used for. There are 8 different levels, numbered from 0 to 7.

Priority	Acronym	Traffic types	Comment
0	BK	Background	Lowest
1	BE	Best Effort
2	EE	Excellent Effort
3	CA	Critical Applications
4	VI	Video	< 100 ms latency and jitter
5	VO	Voice	< 10 ms latency and jitter
6	IC	Internetwork Control
7	NC	Network Control	Highest

IEEE 802.1Q is a standard for Ethernet VLANs where VLANs are given a numeric tag. The tag is used to identify traffic in networks, and decide how to handle it.

This allows multiple bridged networks to share the same physical link without leaking information to each other networks.

A QoS Class group is a collection of QoS classes which can be added to an interface to provide a combination of settings.

Quality of Service (QoS) involves setting for data traffic that affect performance, allowing resources to be allocated depending on the needs of various types of traffic.

Quantization of signals is a method where a signal is sampled at specified time intervals and the input values are approximated to provide a smaller set of values compared to the actual signal.

The route metric is used for routing decisions, and is added to routing tables to enable routing decisions.

The IP Route is the path a data message takes through an Internet Protocol network.

A routing table is a table stored in a device used for keeping track of routes to network destinations and metrics belonging to those routes. The information in the routing table is used by devices to make routing decisions for traffic in the network.

Route	Description	Comment
Network	Path to a specific network address.
Host	Route to a specific network address by network and host ID.	Used to optimize specific types of traffic.
Default	Route stored in the routing table.	Used when no other routes for the destination are found.

RSS – Resident Set Size indicatres how much memory is allocated to a process and is in RAM.

It includes all stack and heap memory, and shared libraries also in memory, but not memory that is swapped out.

Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) is a measurement of the power of a received radio signal.

The Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is a protocol for handling transmission of real-time data, typically audio or video over networks services. Control and monitoring features are provided thorugh the Real Time Streaming Protocol.

The Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) is a protocol for control over transmission of real-time data with the Real-time Transport Protocol.

The RX Chain Power Save feature turns one of the receive chains off to save power.

The maximum number of packets per second that the WLAN interface should process for during RX Chain Power Save Quiet Time before the RX Chain Power Save feature activates itself.

The number of seconds the packets per second must be below the value before the Rx Chain Power Save feature activates itself.

A RX chain is the transmit/receive signal processing hardware, such as a radio transceiver with its own antenna.

Samba is an open source software that provides file and print services between Linux/Unix servers and Windows-based clients.

Sustained Cell Rate (SCR) is the maximum average rate at which cells can be sent over the connection. SCR can never be greater than PCR.

Service types define the guaranteed level of service in a ATM network. This involves such things as the timing between the source and destination, the guaranteed bandwidth and how many cells get lost in transmission.

Setting	Description
UBR without PCR	Use Unspecified Bit Rate without Peak Cell Rate.
UBR with PCR	Use Unspecified Bit Rate with Peak Cell Rate.
CBR	Use Constant Bit Rate.
Non-Realtime VBR	Use Non-Real-Time Variable Bit Rate.
Realtime VBR	Use Real-Time Variable Bit Rate.

A SIP Account contains the identifying information and configuration for SIP communication.

A SIP Address is similar to a phone number for voice calls to other SIP accounts.

A SIP Authentication Name is used together with an SIP Realm to provide access to SIP services. The authentication username doesn't have to be the same as the SIP user name.

SIP codecs are codecs designed for use with SIP traffic.

G.711ALaw

G.711ALaw is a companding standard using non-linear encoding and decoding to provide pulse code modulation mainly of voice frequencies with the A-law variant algorithm.

G.711MuLaw

G.711MuLaw is a companding standard using non-linear encoding and decoding to provide pulse code modulation mainly of voice frequencies with the μ-law variant algorithm. It provides higher compression than A-Law, with higher distorion for smaller packets.

G.729a

G.729 is a compression standard with linear compression for voice with low bandwith requirements, suitable for voip applications where bandwith conservation is an issue. It divides 10ms packets for a 8kbit/s transmission rate.

G.726

G.726 is a compression standard using ADPCMto transmit voice at transmission rates of 16, 24, 32, and 40 kbit/s. The 32 kbit/s mode is the standard codec for DECT wireless phone systems.

SIP Domain

A SIP domain is a DNS hostname for SIP traffic routing.

A SIP realm is a SIP authentication/authorization component, defining the set of usernames and passwords for a particular protection domain. The SIP realm does not have to be the same as a the SIP domain.

The SIP Realm is used together with an SIP authentication username to provide access to SIP services.

The SIP Reg Interval is how often connections to a SIP provider is updated. This is normally done by updating the registration with the server.

A SIP server (also called SIP Registrar or SIP Proxy) handles SIP management for a IP-based private branch exchange.

It handles setup and connections for SIP calls in a network, but does not handle actual transmission of real-time data.

A SIP User is the identifier for a SIP account. This may be a phone number.

The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a protocol for handling communication sessions, most commponly for Internet telephony for voice and video calls, as well as instant messaging, over Internet Protocol networks.

The Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) is an LLC extension used to distinguish additional higher layer protocols compared to LSAP.

SNAP fields allow the receiving node to pass each received frame to an appropriate device driver which understands given protocol.

An SNMP agent provides access to managament data as variables that can be modified to perform managment tasks remotely. The variables accessible via SNMP are organized in hierarchies and stored together with metadata in Management Information Bases.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a protocol for managing and devices on an IP network.

The SNR margin is the difference between the current Signal to Noise Ratio and minimal SNR required to sync at a specific transfer speed.

Higher SNR margin means a better signal, with less background noise, which in turn means a more stable the connection.

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is defined as the power ratio between a signal and background noise.

It is normally measured in decibels (dB).

dB value	Description
< 6dB	Poor. No sync, or intermittent sync problems.
7dB - 10dB	Fair. Vulnerable to conditions.
11dB-20dB	Good.
20dB-28dB	Very good.
29dB <	Excellent.

Strict Priority Precedence means that where the the packets with the highest priority always are sent first.

Seamless Rate Adaptation (SRA) allows devices to change data transfer rates on the fly to avoid losing a connection due to interference.

The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) is a protocol used for providing authentication, encryption, and other se curity features with the Real-time Transport Protocol.

A Service Record (SRV record) is a specification of data in the Domain Name System containing information about IP and port for a specific service.

It is used by domain servers to keep track of their own changes without having to contact a central DNS server.

An SRV record has the form:

_Service._Proto.Name TTL Class SRV Priority Weight Port Target

Item	Description
Service	Identifier for the service.
Proto	The service protocol.
Name	Domain name where the record is valid.
TTL	DNS time to live.
Class	DNS class (IN for Internet).
Priority	Target host priority, lower value means more preferred.
Weight	A relative weight for records with the same priority.
Port	Port for the service.
Target	Hostname for the service provider.

Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP) is a network protocol capable of discovering universal plug and play devices on a home network.

Secure Shell (SSH) is a protocol for secure communication on networks. Most commonly it is used for remote login to devices, typically to unix shell accounts.

SSID – Service Set IDentifier, also knowns as network name, identifies a wireless network interface.

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a protocol for providing security features such as authentication, privacy and data integrity in a network.

Source-specific multicast (SSM) is a method of limiting delivery of multicast packets only from a requested source address.

The process state code indicates the state for a process.

Short Code	Meaning	Description
D	Uninterruptible sleep	Usually refers to IO processes.
l	Is multi-threaded (using CLONE_THREAD, like NPTL pthreads do)
L	Has pages locked into memory (for real-time and custom IO)
N	Low-priority (nice to other users)
R	Running runnable (on run queue)
s	Is a session leader
S	Interruptible sleep	Waiting for an event to complete.
T	Stopped	May have been stopped by control signal or trace.
W	Paging	Storing or retrieving data.
Z	Defunct (“zombie”) process	Terminated but not collected by its parent process.
<	High-priority
+	Belongs to foreground process group.

A static IP address is an address that doesn't change, unless manually changed by the administrator.

A static route is a manually entered route to a network destination, which is used instead of any routes discovered automatically.

Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) consists of methods and a protocol to allow a server to discover its public IP address from behind a NAT. It is used for real-time voice, video, messaging, and other interactive IP services.

The protocol requires a STUN server located on the public side of the NAT.

A subnet mask is used to divide the IP address into network and host addresses.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Flags are control bits for TCP messages. These flags indicate how packets should be handled or indicate connection states.

Flag	Description
SYN	Synchronize sequence numbers.
ACK	Acknowledgment field is significant.
FIN	No more data from sender.
RST	Reset the connection.
URG	Urgent pointer field is significant.
PSH	Push function.
CWR	Congestion Window Reduced.
ECE	TCP peer is ECN capable.

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a protocol to provide reliable data streams over an IP network.

TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) is a RC4 stream cipher is used with a 128-bit per-packet key, meaning that it dynamically generates a new key for each packet.

Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a protocol for providing security features such as authentication, privacy and data integrity in a network.

Transmission Power Control (TPC) is used to automatically adjust the transmission power level on wireless radios to avoid interference.

TPTEST allows you to measure the speed of your Internet connection, by sending a number to and from a defined reference test server.

More information:

A list of TP test servers is available at http://tptest.sourceforge.net/servers.php.

TR-069 CPE WAN Management Protocol (CWMP) was created by the DSL Forum to standardize the Wide Area Network (WAN) management of CWMP. The TR-069 protocol specifically defines a common method for CPE devices to communicate with an Auto Configuration Server (ACS).

Traceroute is a network diagnostic tool to discover the route and data delivery time over an Internet Protocol network.

Types of Virtual Network Interfaces

Type	Example	Description
Aliases	`eth4:5, eth4:6`	Used to handle multiple IP-addresses per interface. Supported for backwards compatibility.
Bridges	`br0, br-lan`	Used to make multiple network interfaces behave as one network interface.
Stacked VLANs	`10, 20`	IEEE 802.1ad type network, using two or more tags in each packet.
Special purpose	`imq0, teql3`	Used to change the order of outgoing or incoming network packets.
Tunnel interfaces	`pppoe-dsl, tun0, vpn1`	Used to send packets over a tunneling protocol.
VLANs	`eth4.0, vlan0`	Used to separate a network into multiple virtual networks.
Wireless operating mode virtual interfaces	`wlan0, ath3`	A wireless subsystem created automatically for a wireless NIC master interface.

A virtual LAN (VLAN) is, as the name implies, a virtualized LAN. Most commonly a VLAN is a subdivision of a network.

VLANs also allow grouping of hosts together even if the hosts are not connected to the same network device, and managing them through software.

VoIP - Voice Over IP is a group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol networks.

A Virtual Path Identifier - VPI, is used together with VCIs to enable ATM networks.

In an ATM network, each circuit is given a virtual channel identifier, and and each path is given a virtual path identifier.

The VCI identifies circuit/channel in use, and VPI matches the appropriate path to the desired destination host.

A virtual private network (VPN) is a secured, private network connected through a public network.

VSZ is the Virtual Memory Size. It includes all memory that the process can access, including memory that is swapped out and memory that is from shared libraries.

A Wide Area Network (WAN) is network that extends over a large geographical distance.

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) is a mobile communications technology using CDMA for broadband.

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is a security algorithm intended to provide security comparable a wired network.

WEP uses a key of 10 or 26 hexadecimal digits.

Weighted Fair Queuing means that bandwidth is adjusted automatically according to traffic priority and weight value.

A wifi band is a collection of wifi channels provided by a particular wifi radio.

Bands are identified by their frequency as measured in Gigahertz (GHz).

Standard bands are 2.4GHz and 5Ghz.

A wifi channel is a frequency range in a specific wifi band used for wifi communication.

WiFi encryption means to encrypt the messages that are sent between nodes on a wireless network.

A wifi interface can use one of several encryption options:

None	No encryption.
WEP	Wired Equivalent Privacy
WPA2 Personal (PSK)	Wi-Fi Protected Access
WPA/WPA2 Personal (PSK) Mixed Mode	Wi-Fi Protected Access II Pre-Shared Key
WPA2 Enterprise	Wi-Fi Protected Access II Enterprise
WPA/WPA2 Enterprise Mixed Mode	Wi-Fi Protected Access Enterprise / Wi-Fi Protected Access II Enterprise

A wireless interface is the access point to a wireless radio. Interfaces are identified by their SSID.

Each radio can have several SSIDs and each SSID interface can be configured as part of a network bridge or firewall group.

The WiFI Key or passphrase is a shared secret between client and server used for encryption and decryption in wireless networks.

The WiFi Mode defines which to use for wireless communication in the network.

Auto

The Auto Mode allows the device to automatically select a suitable profile among the available options.

802.11a

802.11a is a wireless radio specification for the 5 GHz band with a maximum data rate of 54 Mbit/s.

802.11ac

802.11ac is a wireless radio specification for both the 2.4 GHz and the 5 GHz bands with support for multiple-input multiple-output antennas, providing a maximum data rate from 433 Mbit/s to 1300 Mbit/s.

802.11b

802.11b is a wireless radio specification for the 2.4GHz band with a maximum data rate of 11 Mbit/s .

802.11b/g

802.11b/g is a wireless radio specification combining 802.11b and 802.11g standards in dual band mode.

802.11g

802.11g is a wireless radio specification for the 2.4 GHz band with a maximum data rate of 54 Mbit/s.

802.11n

802.11n is a wireless radio specification for both the 2.4 GHz and the 5 GHz bands with support for multiple-input multiple-output antennas, providing a maximum data rate from 54 Mbit/s to 600 Mbit/s.

WiFi or Wi-Fi is a technology allowing devices to connect to a wireless LAN (WLAN) network. The term “Wi-Fi” is a play on words relating to hi-fi (high fidelity) from the music industry. Communication is commonly done over 2.4 gigahertz and 5 gigahertz radio bands.

A wireless radio is the device sending out a wireless signal. Each radio can have several interfaces associated with it.

A Wireless Local Area Network is Local Area Network connected through one or several access points.

WMM (WiFi Multimedia) Acknowledgement is a verification signal sent from the client to the device to indicate that no error has been detected for the data .

WMM Power Save allows small devices, such as phones and PDAs, to transmit data while in a low-power status.

WiFi Multimedia - WMM (also known as WiFi Multimedia Extension - WME) - improves quality of service on a network by prioritizing data by four configurable categories:

Voice: Voice packets for Voice over IP (VoIP) calls.

Video: Video packets for support of TV streams.

Best effort: Support for legacy devices or devices lacking QoS standards.

Background: File downloads, print jobs and other traffic that does not suffer from increased latency.

WMM does not provide guaranteed throughput.

Also referred to as WPA-802.1X mode, and sometimes just WPA (as opposed to WPA-PSK), is designed for enterprise networks and requires an authentication server.

It provides additional security (e.g. protection against dictionary attacks on short passwords).

Various kinds of the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) are used for authentication.

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), also referred to as WPA-PSK (pre-shared key) does not require an authentication server.

It uses TKIP, with a key either as a string of 64 hexadecimal digits, or as a passphrase of 8 to 63 characters.

WPA also includes a message integrity check, which is designed to prevent an attacker from altering and resending data packets.

WPA-Personal mode is available with both WPA and WPA2.

Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 Enterprise is designed for enterprise networks and requires an authentication server.

It provides additional security (e.g. protection against dictionary attacks on short passwords).

Various kinds of the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) are used for authentication.

Short for Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 – Pre-Shared Key, and also called WPA2 Personal, it is a method of securing your network using Pre-Shared Key (PSK) authentication,

Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 Personal uses pre-shared passphrases between 8 and 63 characters long.

The wireless device converts the preshared key to a hash and uses that for communication authentication.

Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) is an authentication key distribution method. It can be performed in one of several ways.

PIN code: A PIN is entered on the client.

Push button: An actual or virtual button is pressed on the device and the client within a short amount of time.

Near field: The client is brought physically close to the device.

USB: An USB device is used to transfer data between the new client and the device. (Deprecated)